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Closed model: a fixed population of users each waits for its previous request to finish before sending the next, so arrival is coupled to response time.",{"id":146,"topic":9,"difficulty":147,"body":148,"options":149,"correct_key":142,"explanation":158},"019ff6e3-9665-7300-ac75-844ba2542d42",2,"Why is a load test built with a fixed number of virtual users (VUs) looping request → wait → request considered a closed system model?",[150,152,154,156],{"key":133,"text":151},"Because it always runs on a single load-generator machine, regardless of the target",{"key":136,"text":153},"Because the number of VUs must be a multiple of the CPU core count on the generator",{"key":139,"text":155},"Because it can only target REST APIs and not databases or message queues",{"key":142,"text":157},"Each VU issues its next request only after the previous response, capping the rate","Closed model: the request rate is a downstream effect of VU count and response time, not an independently controlled input — that coupling is what defines it as closed.",{"id":160,"topic":9,"difficulty":147,"body":161,"options":162,"correct_key":133,"explanation":171},"019ff6e3-9666-737a-9fd6-2784acc9209b","What is 'coordinated omission' in performance testing?",[163,165,167,169],{"key":133,"text":164},"A measurement artifact where a slow response makes the load generator send fewer requests, hiding the real latency",{"key":136,"text":166},"A configuration mistake where two load generators accidentally use the same data file",{"key":139,"text":168},"An error where think time is accidentally left set to zero for every simulated user",{"key":142,"text":170},"A network issue where the load generator and target server clocks are not synchronized","Coordinated omission happens because the measurement tool's own request pacing is 'coordinated' with (blocked by) the system's slowness, so exactly the worst delays are under-sampled.",{"id":173,"topic":9,"difficulty":129,"body":174,"options":175,"correct_key":139,"explanation":184},"019ff6e3-9667-70ba-9f6d-1caeda3c8aa6","What is 'think time' in a load test script?",[176,178,180,182],{"key":133,"text":177},"The time the load generator spends compiling the entire test script before execution starts",{"key":136,"text":179},"The maximum duration a test is allowed to run before it times out",{"key":139,"text":181},"A deliberate pause simulating a real user reading or deciding before the next request",{"key":142,"text":183},"The time the test tool waits before starting the first virtual user","Think time is inserted between simulated user actions to mimic realistic human pacing, rather than firing requests back-to-back.",{"id":186,"topic":9,"difficulty":147,"body":187,"options":188,"correct_key":136,"explanation":197},"019ff6e3-9667-7858-bab7-1a368681fcf4","A team configures a load test to jump instantly from 0 to 5,000 virtual users at test start. Which load-modeling practice would most directly address the risk this creates?",[189,191,193,195],{"key":133,"text":190},"Reducing the number of assertions per request",{"key":136,"text":192},"Using a ramp-up period that gradually increases users toward the target load",{"key":139,"text":194},"Switching from HTTP\u002F1.1 to HTTP\u002F2 in the client library",{"key":142,"text":196},"Increasing think time to a fixed 10 seconds for every request","A gradual ramp-up avoids an instant load shock and lets the system (and observers) see how behavior changes as load increases, instead of hitting full load with no baseline.",{"id":199,"topic":9,"difficulty":147,"body":200,"options":201,"correct_key":133,"explanation":210},"019ff6e3-9667-7eb4-bd0c-fba983dd3326","Why might a team model request arrivals using a Poisson process instead of perfectly even, fixed-interval spacing?",[202,204,206,208],{"key":133,"text":203},"Real traffic arrives in a bursty, random pattern that Poisson approximates better than a fixed interval",{"key":136,"text":205},"Because Poisson arrivals are said to guarantee zero errors during the entire test",{"key":139,"text":207},"Because fixed-interval spacing is technically not supported by any load testing tool",{"key":142,"text":209},"Because Poisson modeling supposedly removes the need for any ramp-up phase","Poisson-style random spacing better mirrors how independent real users actually arrive, compared to an artificially smooth, evenly-spaced synthetic 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