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Using theta = ((T2-T1)+(T3-T4))\u002F2, what is theta?",[153,156,159,162],{"key":154,"text":155},"a","-6.5 ms",{"key":157,"text":158},"b","6.5 ms",{"key":160,"text":161},"c","-13 ms",{"key":163,"text":164},"d","41.5 ms","(T2-T1) = 35, (T3-T4) = -48, sum = -13, divided by 2 = -6.5 ms. The +6.5 ms option flips the sign, -13 ms skips the final division by 2, and 41.5 ms comes from adding the absolute values of the two terms instead of their signed sum.",{"id":167,"topic":9,"difficulty":150,"body":168,"options":169,"correct_key":157,"explanation":178},"01a039c8-9ef7-7752-b59a-d6d7fa0c07c6","Using the same offset formula theta = ((T2-T1)+(T3-T4))\u002F2 with T1=500, T2=460, T3=470, T4=530 (all in ms), what is theta?",[170,172,174,176],{"key":154,"text":171},"-100 ms",{"key":157,"text":173},"-50 ms",{"key":160,"text":175},"50 ms",{"key":163,"text":177},"-40 ms","(T2-T1) = -40, (T3-T4) = -60, sum = -100, divided by 2 = -50 ms. -100 ms skips the division, 50 ms flips the sign, and -40 ms only uses the first term while ignoring (T3-T4).",{"id":180,"topic":9,"difficulty":181,"body":182,"options":183,"correct_key":160,"explanation":192},"01a039c8-9ef8-73ad-b495-e2a457f3c16b",2,"In question 1 the computed offset was theta = -6.5 ms, defined as theta = T(B) - T(A) where A is the client (initiator) and B is the server (responder). What does this negative value mean about the two clocks?",[184,186,188,190],{"key":154,"text":185},"The server's clock reads about 6.5 ms ahead of the client's clock.",{"key":157,"text":187},"The round-trip delay is negative, so the measurement is invalid.",{"key":160,"text":189},"The server's clock reads about 6.5 ms behind the client's clock.",{"key":163,"text":191},"The client sent the packet 6.5 ms later than it should have.","theta = T(B) - T(A) is negative exactly when B (server) reads earlier than A (client) at the same instant, i.e. the server clock trails the client clock by 6.5 ms. A negative theta says nothing about delta (round-trip delay) and nothing about send timing.",{"id":194,"topic":9,"difficulty":150,"body":195,"options":196,"correct_key":163,"explanation":205},"01a039c8-9ef9-713f-a798-39fb3af1a6c6","Using T1=2000, T2=2035, T3=2042, T4=2090 (ms) and delta = (T4-T1) - (T3-T2), what is delta?",[197,199,201,203],{"key":154,"text":198},"90 ms",{"key":157,"text":200},"97 ms",{"key":160,"text":202},"7 ms",{"key":163,"text":204},"83 ms","(T4-T1) = 90, (T3-T2) = 7, so delta = 90 - 7 = 83 ms. 90 ms forgets to subtract the second term, 97 ms adds instead of subtracting, and 7 ms reports only the second term.",{"id":207,"topic":9,"difficulty":181,"body":208,"options":209,"correct_key":157,"explanation":218},"01a039c8-9ef9-7c3f-b8c9-43a8a3df63b2","In delta = (T4-T1) - (T3-T2), what does the subtracted term (T3-T2) represent, and why is it removed?",[210,212,214,216],{"key":154,"text":211},"The client's clock drift since the last sync; it is removed to correct the client's clock.",{"key":157,"text":213},"The server's own processing time between receiving and replying; it is removed to isolate pure network delay.",{"key":160,"text":215},"The one-way network delay from server to client; it is removed to avoid double-counting it.",{"key":163,"text":217},"The transmission time of the packet's payload bytes; it is removed to ignore packet size.","(T3-T2) is the time the server held the packet before replying. Subtracting it from the round-trip span (T4-T1) leaves only time spent in transit, so server processing delay does not inflate the measured network delay.",{"id":220,"topic":9,"difficulty":181,"body":221,"options":222,"correct_key":154,"explanation":231},"01a039c8-9efa-76db-930b-43bb17f96e28","A measured round-trip delay delta comes out to 50 ms. Is it always safe to assume each one-way leg took 25 ms?",[223,225,227,229],{"key":154,"text":224},"No — on an asymmetric path the two legs can differ a lot.",{"key":157,"text":226},"Yes — the delta formula already guarantees a symmetric path.",{"key":160,"text":228},"No — delta is always exactly four times the true one-way delay.",{"key":163,"text":230},"Yes, but only when the connection goes through a relay server.","delta only measures the round trip, T(A->B->A). It carries no information about how that total splits between the forward and return legs, so dividing by two is an assumption, not a measured 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