[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"me":3,"catalog:en:devops-cloud\u002Fkubernetes":4,"config":257},null,{"field_key":5,"field_name":6,"seniority":7,"topic_key":7,"topic_name":7,"spec_key":8,"spec_name":9,"locale":10,"cell_total":11,"field_total":12,"seniorities":13,"topics":17,"specs":154,"samples":171},"devops-cloud","DevOps \u002F Cloud","","kubernetes","Kubernetes","en",450,3375,[14,15,16],"junior","mid","senior",[18,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97,100,103,106,109,112,115,118,121,124,127,130,133,136,139,142,145,148,151],{"key":19,"name":20,"count":21},"aws-compute-ec2-lambda","Aws Compute Ec2 Lambda",75,{"key":23,"name":24,"count":21},"aws-databases-rds-dynamodb","Aws Databases Rds Dynamodb",{"key":26,"name":27,"count":21},"aws-iam-security","Aws Iam Security",{"key":29,"name":30,"count":21},"aws-messaging-eventing","Aws Messaging Eventing",{"key":32,"name":33,"count":21},"aws-networking-vpc","Aws Networking Vpc",{"key":35,"name":36,"count":21},"aws-storage-s3-ebs","Aws Storage S3 Ebs",{"key":38,"name":39,"count":21},"azure-compute-vm-appservice","Azure Compute Vm Appservice",{"key":41,"name":42,"count":21},"azure-databases-sql-cosmosdb","Azure Databases Sql Cosmosdb",{"key":44,"name":45,"count":21},"azure-iam-security","Azure Iam Security",{"key":47,"name":48,"count":21},"azure-messaging-eventing","Azure Messaging Eventing",{"key":50,"name":51,"count":21},"azure-networking-vnet","Azure Networking Vnet",{"key":53,"name":54,"count":21},"azure-storage-blob-managed-disk","Azure Storage Blob Managed Disk",{"key":56,"name":57,"count":21},"ci-cd-pipelines","Ci Cd Pipelines",{"key":59,"name":60,"count":21},"cloud-architecture-scaling","Cloud Architecture Scaling",{"key":62,"name":63,"count":21},"containers-orchestration","Containers Orchestration",{"key":65,"name":66,"count":21},"deployment-release-strategies","Deployment Release Strategies",{"key":68,"name":69,"count":21},"gcp-compute-gce-cloudrun","Gcp Compute Gce Cloudrun",{"key":71,"name":72,"count":21},"gcp-databases-cloudsql-spanner-firestore","Gcp Databases Cloudsql Spanner Firestore",{"key":74,"name":75,"count":21},"gcp-iam-security","Gcp Iam Security",{"key":77,"name":78,"count":21},"gcp-messaging-eventing","Gcp Messaging Eventing",{"key":80,"name":81,"count":21},"gcp-networking-vpc","Gcp Networking Vpc",{"key":83,"name":84,"count":21},"gcp-storage-gcs-persistent-disk","Gcp Storage Gcs Persistent Disk",{"key":86,"name":87,"count":21},"infrastructure-as-code","Infrastructure As Code",{"key":89,"name":90,"count":21},"k8s-config-secrets","K8s Config Secrets",{"key":92,"name":93,"count":21},"k8s-observability-troubleshooting","K8s Observability Troubleshooting",{"key":95,"name":96,"count":21},"k8s-scheduling-resources","K8s Scheduling Resources",{"key":98,"name":99,"count":21},"k8s-services-networking","K8s Services Networking",{"key":101,"name":102,"count":21},"k8s-storage","K8s Storage",{"key":104,"name":105,"count":21},"k8s-workloads","K8s Workloads",{"key":107,"name":108,"count":21},"linux-filesystem-permissions-links","Linux Filesystem Permissions Links",{"key":110,"name":111,"count":21},"linux-networking-tools-troubleshooting","Linux Networking Tools Troubleshooting",{"key":113,"name":114,"count":21},"linux-performance-monitoring-resource-limits","Linux Performance Monitoring Resource Limits",{"key":116,"name":117,"count":21},"linux-process-management-signals","Linux Process Management Signals",{"key":119,"name":120,"count":21},"linux-shell-scripting-ops-automation","Linux Shell Scripting Ops Automation",{"key":122,"name":123,"count":21},"linux-systemd-service-management","Linux Systemd Service Management",{"key":125,"name":126,"count":21},"networking-dns-loadbalancing","Networking Dns Loadbalancing",{"key":128,"name":129,"count":21},"observability-monitoring","Observability Monitoring",{"key":131,"name":132,"count":21},"reliability-incident-sre","Reliability Incident Sre",{"key":134,"name":135,"count":21},"security-iam-secrets","Security Iam Secrets",{"key":137,"name":138,"count":21},"terraform-hcl-language-expressions","Terraform Hcl Language Expressions",{"key":140,"name":141,"count":21},"terraform-modules-workspaces","Terraform Modules Workspaces",{"key":143,"name":144,"count":21},"terraform-plan-apply-drift-import","Terraform Plan Apply Drift Import",{"key":146,"name":147,"count":21},"terraform-providers-lifecycle-provisioners","Terraform Providers Lifecycle Provisioners",{"key":149,"name":150,"count":21},"terraform-state-backend-locking","Terraform State Backend Locking",{"key":152,"name":153,"count":21},"terraform-testing-policy-cicd","Terraform Testing Policy Cicd",[155,158,161,164,165,168],{"key":156,"name":157,"count":11},"aws","AWS",{"key":159,"name":160,"count":11},"azure","Azure",{"key":162,"name":163,"count":11},"gcp","GCP",{"key":8,"name":9,"count":11},{"key":166,"name":167,"count":11},"linux","Linux",{"key":169,"name":170,"count":11},"terraform","Terraform",[172,190,204,217,231,244],{"id":173,"topic":90,"difficulty":174,"body":175,"options":176,"correct_key":181,"explanation":189},"019f651a-7cee-7556-8fc7-632d3053455c",1,"A ConfigMap can be exposed to a Pod's container in two common ways. What is the key structural difference between using it as environment variables (`envFrom`\u002F`valueFrom.configMapKeyRef`) versus mounting it as a volume?",[177,180,183,186],{"key":178,"text":179},"a","Environment variables only work for numeric values, volumes only work for text values",{"key":181,"text":182},"b","Env vars inject values into the process environment; a volume exposes each key as a file",{"key":184,"text":185},"c","Env vars require a separate Secret object, volumes require a separate ConfigMap object",{"key":187,"text":188},"d","Environment variables are namespaced, volume mounts are cluster-scoped","`envFrom`\u002F`valueFrom.configMapKeyRef` sets each ConfigMap key as an environment variable visible to the container's process. Mounting the same ConfigMap as a volume instead creates a directory where each key becomes a file, with the key's value as file content. Both reference the same underlying ConfigMap data, just delivered through a different mechanism.",{"id":191,"topic":90,"difficulty":192,"body":193,"options":194,"correct_key":184,"explanation":203},"019f651a-7d04-7e39-bab7-291a57715e6a",2,"A running Pod has a container that reads `APP_MODE` as an environment variable, set via `envFrom.configMapRef` from ConfigMap `app-config`. You update `app-config` with `kubectl patch` to change `APP_MODE` from `debug` to `production`, wait two minutes, then exec into the container and print `$APP_MODE`. What do you see?",[195,197,199,201],{"key":178,"text":196},"`production`, because the kubelet always restarts containers on ConfigMap changes",{"key":181,"text":198},"An empty value, because the container's environment is cleared once the source ConfigMap changes",{"key":184,"text":200},"Still `debug` — env vars are read once at container start, not re-injected on ConfigMap changes",{"key":187,"text":202},"`production`, because environment variables are re-read from the ConfigMap on every process syscall","Environment variables from a ConfigMap are resolved once, when the container process starts. Kubernetes has no mechanism to push new values into an already-running process's environment, so the container keeps printing `debug` no matter how long you wait. Picking up the new value requires the Pod to be recreated (e.g. a rollout restart).",{"id":205,"topic":90,"difficulty":192,"body":206,"options":207,"correct_key":178,"explanation":216},"019f651a-7d06-74cf-ac9a-2625390dd852","Same setup, but this time the same ConfigMap key is also mounted as a volume file at `\u002Fetc\u002Fconfig\u002FAPP_MODE` (not using `subPath`). After patching the ConfigMap and waiting roughly a minute for kubelet's sync period, you run `kubectl exec pod -- cat \u002Fetc\u002Fconfig\u002FAPP_MODE`. What happens?",[208,210,212,214],{"key":178,"text":209},"The file eventually shows the new value, once the kubelet's next periodic sync happens",{"key":181,"text":211},"The command fails with a file-not-found error until the Pod is manually deleted and recreated",{"key":184,"text":213},"The file keeps the old value forever, identically to how env vars behave",{"key":187,"text":215},"The file updates only if the container process explicitly calls a Kubernetes API to refresh it","Volume-mounted ConfigMap data (without `subPath`) is periodically synced by the kubelet, so the file content eventually reflects the updated ConfigMap without any Pod restart — typically within its sync period (around a minute). This is the key practical contrast with env vars, which never update without a Pod recreation.",{"id":218,"topic":90,"difficulty":219,"body":220,"options":221,"correct_key":187,"explanation":230},"019f651a-7d07-778e-9351-c41174e381b7",3,"```yaml\nvolumeMounts:\n- name: cfgvol\n  mountPath: \u002Fetc\u002Fconfig\u002Fapp_mode.txt\n  subPath: APP_MODE\nvolumes:\n- name: cfgvol\n  configMap:\n    name: app-config\n```\nThe ConfigMap `app-config` is then updated so that `APP_MODE` changes value. You wait several minutes and check `\u002Fetc\u002Fconfig\u002Fapp_mode.txt` inside the container. What do you observe?",[222,224,226,228],{"key":178,"text":223},"The file is deleted, since `subPath` mounts are removed whenever the source ConfigMap changes",{"key":181,"text":225},"The file updates on the same sync cycle as a non-`subPath` mount",{"key":184,"text":227},"The mount switches to read-only mode and further reads fail with a permission error",{"key":187,"text":229},"The file keeps its original content — `subPath` volume mounts don't receive ConfigMap updates","When a volume is mounted with `subPath`, the kubelet bind-mounts that single file path directly instead of using the symlinked `..data` directory it uses for whole-directory mounts. That symlink swap is exactly the mechanism that makes normal ConfigMap volume updates propagate, so a `subPath` mount never sees the updated value until the Pod is recreated.",{"id":232,"topic":90,"difficulty":174,"body":233,"options":234,"correct_key":184,"explanation":243},"019f651a-7d08-7a10-833a-a5798edba06e","A Secret's `data` field stores values that are base64-encoded strings. What does this base64 encoding actually provide?",[235,237,239,241],{"key":178,"text":236},"Strong encryption, so anyone with `kubectl get secret -o yaml` cannot read the value",{"key":181,"text":238},"Automatic rotation of the value on a fixed schedule",{"key":184,"text":240},"A safe way to represent binary\u002Ftext data in a manifest, not confidentiality",{"key":187,"text":242},"Compression of the value to reduce etcd storage size","Base64 is an encoding, not an encryption scheme. It exists so binary or special-character data can be represented safely inside a text-based manifest. Anyone who can run `kubectl get secret -o yaml` and decode base64 (`base64 -d`) can read the plaintext value; real confidentiality depends on RBAC, etcd encryption at rest, or an external secrets store.",{"id":245,"topic":90,"difficulty":174,"body":246,"options":247,"correct_key":181,"explanation":256},"019f651a-7d0a-7bd0-a566-ea72658df5a4","```yaml\napiVersion: v1\nkind: Secret\nmetadata:\n  name: app-secret\ntype: Opaque\nstringData:\n  DB_PASSWORD: \"s3cr3t\"\n```\nAfter applying this manifest, what does `kubectl get secret app-secret -o yaml` show under the `data` field for `DB_PASSWORD`?",[248,250,252,254],{"key":178,"text":249},"The literal plaintext string `s3cr3t`, since `stringData` bypasses encoding",{"key":181,"text":251},"A base64-encoded string stored under the Secret's `data` field",{"key":184,"text":253},"Nothing, because `stringData` and `data` cannot both exist on the same Secret",{"key":187,"text":255},"An error, because `type: Opaque` does not support the `stringData` field","`stringData` is a write-only convenience field: on apply, the API server merges its entries into `data`, base64-encoding them in the process. So reading the object back afterward always shows the encoded form under `data`, never the original `stringData` field.",{"fields":258,"seniorities":429,"interview_shapes":430,"locales":435,"oauth":437,"question_count":440,"coach_enabled":441,"jd_match_enabled":441},[259,284,304,320,330,343,362,381,403,410,416,423],{"key":260,"name_tr":261,"name_en":261,"sort":174,"specializations":262},"backend","Backend",[263,266,269,272,275,278,281],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":260},"general","Genel",{"key":267,"name":268,"field":260},"go","Go",{"key":270,"name":271,"field":260},"python","Python",{"key":273,"name":274,"field":260},"java","Java",{"key":276,"name":277,"field":260},"csharp","C#\u002F.NET",{"key":279,"name":280,"field":260},"nodejs","Node.js",{"key":282,"name":283,"field":260},"php","PHP",{"key":285,"name_tr":286,"name_en":286,"sort":192,"specializations":287},"frontend","Frontend",[288,289,292,295,298,301],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":285},{"key":290,"name":291,"field":285},"javascript","JavaScript",{"key":293,"name":294,"field":285},"typescript","TypeScript",{"key":296,"name":297,"field":285},"react","React",{"key":299,"name":300,"field":285},"vue","Vue",{"key":302,"name":303,"field":285},"angular","Angular",{"key":305,"name_tr":306,"name_en":306,"sort":219,"specializations":307},"fullstack","Fullstack",[308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":305},{"key":267,"name":268,"field":260},{"key":270,"name":271,"field":260},{"key":273,"name":274,"field":260},{"key":276,"name":277,"field":260},{"key":279,"name":280,"field":260},{"key":282,"name":283,"field":260},{"key":290,"name":291,"field":285},{"key":293,"name":294,"field":285},{"key":296,"name":297,"field":285},{"key":299,"name":300,"field":285},{"key":302,"name":303,"field":285},{"key":5,"name_tr":6,"name_en":6,"sort":321,"specializations":322},4,[323,324,325,326,327,328,329],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":5},{"key":156,"name":157,"field":5},{"key":162,"name":163,"field":5},{"key":159,"name":160,"field":5},{"key":8,"name":9,"field":5},{"key":169,"name":170,"field":5},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":5},{"key":331,"name_tr":332,"name_en":332,"sort":333,"specializations":334},"ai-engineer","AI Engineer",5,[335,336,337,340],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":331},{"key":270,"name":271,"field":331},{"key":338,"name":339,"field":331},"llm-rag","LLM\u002FRAG",{"key":341,"name":342,"field":331},"mlops","MLOps",{"key":344,"name_tr":345,"name_en":346,"sort":347,"specializations":348},"database","Veritabanı","Database",6,[349,350,353,356,359],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":344},{"key":351,"name":352,"field":344},"postgresql","PostgreSQL",{"key":354,"name":355,"field":344},"mysql","MySQL",{"key":357,"name":358,"field":344},"mongodb","MongoDB",{"key":360,"name":361,"field":344},"redis","Redis",{"key":363,"name_tr":364,"name_en":365,"sort":366,"specializations":367},"mobile","Mobil","Mobile",7,[368,369,372,375,378],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":363},{"key":370,"name":371,"field":363},"ios-swift","iOS (Swift)",{"key":373,"name":374,"field":363},"android-kotlin","Android (Kotlin)",{"key":376,"name":377,"field":363},"flutter","Flutter",{"key":379,"name":380,"field":363},"react-native","React Native",{"key":382,"name_tr":383,"name_en":384,"sort":385,"specializations":386},"security","Güvenlik","Security",8,[387,388,391,394,397,400],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":382},{"key":389,"name":390,"field":382},"appsec","AppSec",{"key":392,"name":393,"field":382},"offensive-pentest","Offensive \u002F Pentest",{"key":395,"name":396,"field":382},"cloud-security","Cloud Security",{"key":398,"name":399,"field":382},"devsecops","DevSecOps",{"key":401,"name":402,"field":382},"blue-team-incident","Blue Team \u002F Incident",{"key":404,"name_tr":405,"name_en":406,"sort":407,"specializations":408},"qa-test-automation","QA \u002F Test Otomasyonu","QA \u002F Test Automation",9,[409],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":404},{"key":411,"name_tr":412,"name_en":412,"sort":413,"specializations":414},"data-engineer","Data Engineer",10,[415],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":411},{"key":417,"name_tr":418,"name_en":419,"sort":420,"specializations":421},"game-dev","Oyun Geliştirme","Game Development",11,[422],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":417},{"key":424,"name_tr":425,"name_en":425,"sort":426,"specializations":427},"ml-engineer","ML Engineer",12,[428],{"key":264,"name":265,"field":424},[14,15,16],{"junior":431,"mid":433,"senior":434},{"questions":432,"median_sec":3},20,{"questions":432,"median_sec":3},{"questions":432,"median_sec":3},[436,10],"tr",[438,439],"google","github",21750,true]