[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"me":3,"catalog:en:backend\u002Fpython-typing-oop":4,"config":252},null,{"field_key":5,"field_name":6,"seniority":7,"topic_key":8,"topic_name":9,"spec_key":7,"spec_name":7,"locale":10,"cell_total":11,"field_total":12,"seniorities":13,"topics":17,"specs":148,"samples":168},"backend","Backend","","python-typing-oop","Python Typing Oop","en",75,3300,[14,15,16],"junior","mid","senior",[18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99,102,105,108,111,114,117,120,123,126,129,132,135,138,141,142,145],{"key":19,"name":20,"count":11},"api-design","API Design",{"key":22,"name":23,"count":11},"caching","Caching",{"key":25,"name":26,"count":11},"concurrency","Concurrency",{"key":28,"name":29,"count":11},"csharp-concurrency-async","Csharp Concurrency Async",{"key":31,"name":32,"count":11},"csharp-exceptions","Csharp Exceptions",{"key":34,"name":35,"count":11},"csharp-generics-interfaces","Csharp Generics Interfaces",{"key":37,"name":38,"count":11},"csharp-memory-performance","Csharp Memory Performance",{"key":40,"name":41,"count":11},"csharp-stdlib-http","Csharp Stdlib Http",{"key":43,"name":44,"count":11},"csharp-testing-tooling","Csharp Testing Tooling",{"key":46,"name":47,"count":11},"databases-sql","Databases \u002F SQL",{"key":49,"name":50,"count":11},"go-concurrency","Go Concurrency",{"key":52,"name":53,"count":11},"go-errors","Go Errors",{"key":55,"name":56,"count":11},"go-interfaces-generics","Go Interfaces Generics",{"key":58,"name":59,"count":11},"go-memory-performance","Go Memory Performance",{"key":61,"name":62,"count":11},"go-stdlib-http","Go Stdlib Http",{"key":64,"name":65,"count":11},"go-testing-tooling","Go Testing Tooling",{"key":67,"name":68,"count":11},"java-concurrency","Java Concurrency",{"key":70,"name":71,"count":11},"java-exceptions","Java Exceptions",{"key":73,"name":74,"count":11},"java-generics-interfaces","Java Generics Interfaces",{"key":76,"name":77,"count":11},"java-memory-jvm","Java Memory Jvm",{"key":79,"name":80,"count":11},"java-stdlib-http","Java Stdlib Http",{"key":82,"name":83,"count":11},"java-testing-tooling","Java Testing Tooling",{"key":85,"name":86,"count":11},"messaging-queues","Messaging \u002F Queues",{"key":88,"name":89,"count":11},"networking-http","Networking \u002F HTTP",{"key":91,"name":92,"count":11},"nodejs-error-handling","Nodejs Error Handling",{"key":94,"name":95,"count":11},"nodejs-event-loop-async","Nodejs Event Loop Async",{"key":97,"name":98,"count":11},"nodejs-memory-performance","Nodejs Memory Performance",{"key":100,"name":101,"count":11},"nodejs-modules-streams","Nodejs Modules Streams",{"key":103,"name":104,"count":11},"nodejs-stdlib-http","Nodejs Stdlib Http",{"key":106,"name":107,"count":11},"nodejs-testing-tooling","Nodejs Testing Tooling",{"key":109,"name":110,"count":11},"php-concurrency-async","Php Concurrency Async",{"key":112,"name":113,"count":11},"php-exceptions","Php Exceptions",{"key":115,"name":116,"count":11},"php-generics-interfaces","Php Generics Interfaces",{"key":118,"name":119,"count":11},"php-memory-performance","Php Memory Performance",{"key":121,"name":122,"count":11},"php-stdlib-http","Php Stdlib Http",{"key":124,"name":125,"count":11},"php-testing-tooling","Php Testing Tooling",{"key":127,"name":128,"count":11},"python-concurrency-async","Python Concurrency Async",{"key":130,"name":131,"count":11},"python-errors-context","Python Errors Context",{"key":133,"name":134,"count":11},"python-memory-performance","Python Memory Performance",{"key":136,"name":137,"count":11},"python-stdlib-http","Python Stdlib Http",{"key":139,"name":140,"count":11},"python-testing-tooling","Python Testing Tooling",{"key":8,"name":9,"count":11},{"key":143,"name":144,"count":11},"security","Security",{"key":146,"name":147,"count":11},"testing","Testing",[149,153,156,159,162,165],{"key":150,"name":151,"count":152},"csharp","C#\u002F.NET",450,{"key":154,"name":155,"count":152},"go","Go",{"key":157,"name":158,"count":152},"java","Java",{"key":160,"name":161,"count":152},"nodejs","Node.js",{"key":163,"name":164,"count":152},"php","PHP",{"key":166,"name":167,"count":152},"python","Python",[169,187,200,213,226,239],{"id":170,"topic":9,"difficulty":171,"body":172,"options":173,"correct_key":175,"explanation":186},"019f6c9d-376b-704f-8a0b-f0a81c32efbd",1,"```python\ndef add(x: int, y: int) -> int:\n    return x + y\n\nresult = add(\"3\", \"4\")\n```\nWhat happens when this code runs?",[174,177,180,183],{"key":175,"text":176},"a","It runs fine; result becomes the string \"34\"",{"key":178,"text":179},"b","It raises a TypeError as soon as the function is defined",{"key":181,"text":182},"c","It raises a TypeError when the function is called",{"key":184,"text":185},"d","It runs fine; result becomes the integer 7","Type hints are purely advisory metadata for tools like mypy; the interpreter never checks them at runtime. `\"3\" + \"4\"` is plain string concatenation, so `result` is `\"34\"`.",{"id":188,"topic":9,"difficulty":171,"body":189,"options":190,"correct_key":178,"explanation":199},"019f6c9d-376b-767c-9928-758d9249d035","In terms of the `typing` module's semantics, what does the annotation `Optional[int]` mean for a variable?",[191,193,195,197],{"key":175,"text":192},"The value must always be an int, and mypy enforces this at runtime",{"key":178,"text":194},"The value is either an int or None, shorthand for Union[int, None]",{"key":181,"text":196},"Declaring the variable in the function signature is itself optional",{"key":184,"text":198},"The value is a generic type usable only as a class attribute","`Optional[X]` is defined by the typing module as an alias for `Union[X, None]` — the value may be X or it may be None, nothing more.",{"id":201,"topic":9,"difficulty":171,"body":202,"options":203,"correct_key":181,"explanation":212},"019f6c9d-376b-7d01-9150-a10ffa8f1384","```python\nfrom dataclasses import dataclass\n\n@dataclass\nclass Point:\n    x: int\n    y: int\n\np1 = Point(1, 2)\np2 = Point(1, 2)\nprint(p1 == p2)\nprint(p1)\n```\nWhat is printed?",[204,206,208,210],{"key":175,"text":205},"False, then \u003C__main__.Point object at 0x...>",{"key":178,"text":207},"True, then a Point object with fields hidden",{"key":181,"text":209},"True, then Point(x=1, y=2)",{"key":184,"text":211},"False, then Point(x=1, y=2)","`@dataclass` auto-generates `__init__`, a field-by-field `__eq__`, and a readable `__repr__`. Since p1 and p2 have equal fields, `==` is True, and printing p1 shows `Point(x=1, y=2)`.",{"id":214,"topic":9,"difficulty":171,"body":215,"options":216,"correct_key":184,"explanation":225},"019f6c9d-376c-732d-a7b5-b5c9ed170ad5","```python\nclass Circle:\n    def __init__(self, radius):\n        self._radius = radius\n\n    @property\n    def area(self):\n        return 3.14159 * self._radius ** 2\n\nc = Circle(2)\nprint(c.area)\n```\nWhat is printed and how is `area` accessed?",[217,219,221,223],{"key":175,"text":218},"A TypeError, because area must be called as c.area()",{"key":178,"text":220},"3.14159, treated as a plain attribute set in __init__",{"key":181,"text":222},"An AttributeError, because area was never set",{"key":184,"text":224},"12.56636, recomputed on each access via @property","`@property` turns a method into something accessed like an attribute (no parentheses). Each access to `c.area` recomputes `3.14159 * 2 ** 2 = 12.56636`.",{"id":227,"topic":9,"difficulty":171,"body":228,"options":229,"correct_key":178,"explanation":238},"019f6c9d-376c-78fd-9afb-ad38c6685d9c","In a Python class, what is the key difference between a class variable defined directly in the class body and an instance variable assigned via self in __init__?",[230,232,234,236],{"key":175,"text":231},"Class variables can only hold integers, unlike instance variables",{"key":178,"text":233},"A class variable is shared across instances unless one shadows it",{"key":181,"text":235},"Instance variables run at import time, class ones at call time",{"key":184,"text":237},"There is no real difference between the two in Python","A class variable lives on the class object itself and is looked up by every instance that doesn't shadow it; an instance variable is stored per-instance and never shared.",{"id":240,"topic":9,"difficulty":171,"body":241,"options":242,"correct_key":181,"explanation":251},"019f6c9d-376d-7362-ac64-78b7cfd13bc2","```python\ndef add_item(item, basket=[]):\n    basket.append(item)\n    return basket\n\nprint(add_item(\"apple\"))\nprint(add_item(\"banana\"))\n```\nWhat is printed on the second call?",[243,245,247,249],{"key":175,"text":244},"[\"banana\"], a fresh empty list each call",{"key":178,"text":246},"A TypeError, since default arguments can't be mutable",{"key":181,"text":248},"[\"apple\", \"banana\"], the default list is reused",{"key":184,"text":250},"[\"banana\", \"apple\"], calls run in reverse order","Default argument values are evaluated once, when the function is defined, and that same list object is reused on every call that omits basket — so items accumulate across calls.",{"fields":253,"seniorities":424,"interview_shapes":425,"locales":430,"oauth":432,"question_count":435,"coach_enabled":436,"jd_match_enabled":436},[254,265,286,303,327,340,359,378,398,405,411,418],{"key":5,"name_tr":6,"name_en":6,"sort":171,"specializations":255},[256,259,260,261,262,263,264],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":5},"general","Genel",{"key":154,"name":155,"field":5},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":5},{"key":157,"name":158,"field":5},{"key":150,"name":151,"field":5},{"key":160,"name":161,"field":5},{"key":163,"name":164,"field":5},{"key":266,"name_tr":267,"name_en":267,"sort":268,"specializations":269},"frontend","Frontend",2,[270,271,274,277,280,283],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":266},{"key":272,"name":273,"field":266},"javascript","JavaScript",{"key":275,"name":276,"field":266},"typescript","TypeScript",{"key":278,"name":279,"field":266},"react","React",{"key":281,"name":282,"field":266},"vue","Vue",{"key":284,"name":285,"field":266},"angular","Angular",{"key":287,"name_tr":288,"name_en":288,"sort":289,"specializations":290},"fullstack","Fullstack",3,[291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":287},{"key":154,"name":155,"field":5},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":5},{"key":157,"name":158,"field":5},{"key":150,"name":151,"field":5},{"key":160,"name":161,"field":5},{"key":163,"name":164,"field":5},{"key":272,"name":273,"field":266},{"key":275,"name":276,"field":266},{"key":278,"name":279,"field":266},{"key":281,"name":282,"field":266},{"key":284,"name":285,"field":266},{"key":304,"name_tr":305,"name_en":305,"sort":306,"specializations":307},"devops-cloud","DevOps 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Engineer",5,[332,333,334,337],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":328},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":328},{"key":335,"name":336,"field":328},"llm-rag","LLM\u002FRAG",{"key":338,"name":339,"field":328},"mlops","MLOps",{"key":341,"name_tr":342,"name_en":343,"sort":344,"specializations":345},"database","Veritabanı","Database",6,[346,347,350,353,356],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":341},{"key":348,"name":349,"field":341},"postgresql","PostgreSQL",{"key":351,"name":352,"field":341},"mysql","MySQL",{"key":354,"name":355,"field":341},"mongodb","MongoDB",{"key":357,"name":358,"field":341},"redis","Redis",{"key":360,"name_tr":361,"name_en":362,"sort":363,"specializations":364},"mobile","Mobil","Mobile",7,[365,366,369,372,375],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":360},{"key":367,"name":368,"field":360},"ios-swift","iOS (Swift)",{"key":370,"name":371,"field":360},"android-kotlin","Android (Kotlin)",{"key":373,"name":374,"field":360},"flutter","Flutter",{"key":376,"name":377,"field":360},"react-native","React Native",{"key":143,"name_tr":379,"name_en":144,"sort":380,"specializations":381},"Güvenlik",8,[382,383,386,389,392,395],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":143},{"key":384,"name":385,"field":143},"appsec","AppSec",{"key":387,"name":388,"field":143},"offensive-pentest","Offensive \u002F Pentest",{"key":390,"name":391,"field":143},"cloud-security","Cloud Security",{"key":393,"name":394,"field":143},"devsecops","DevSecOps",{"key":396,"name":397,"field":143},"blue-team-incident","Blue Team \u002F Incident",{"key":399,"name_tr":400,"name_en":401,"sort":402,"specializations":403},"qa-test-automation","QA \u002F Test Otomasyonu","QA \u002F Test Automation",9,[404],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":399},{"key":406,"name_tr":407,"name_en":407,"sort":408,"specializations":409},"data-engineer","Data Engineer",10,[410],{"key":257,"name":258,"field":406},{"key":412,"name_tr":413,"name_en":414,"sort":415,"specializations":416},"game-dev","Oyun Geliştirme","Game 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