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copied by value on assignment. `class`, `string`, and `object` are all reference types: variables of those types hold a reference to data on the heap.",{"id":188,"topic":9,"difficulty":189,"body":190,"options":191,"correct_key":175,"explanation":200},"019f70e2-e84b-766f-861b-cf08b839ec57",2,"```csharp\nstruct Point\n{\n    public int X;\n    public int Y;\n}\n\nvar p1 = new Point { X = 1, Y = 2 };\nvar p2 = p1;\np2.X = 99;\n\nConsole.WriteLine(p1.X);\n```\nWhat does this print?",[192,194,196,198],{"key":175,"text":193},"1",{"key":178,"text":195},"99",{"key":181,"text":197},"0",{"key":184,"text":199},"It throws a `NullReferenceException`","`Point` is a struct (value type), so `var p2 = p1;` copies the entire value into `p2` — `p2` is an independent copy, not a reference to `p1`. Mutating `p2.X` has no effect on `p1`, so `p1.X` is still `1`.",{"id":202,"topic":9,"difficulty":189,"body":203,"options":204,"correct_key":178,"explanation":210},"019f70e2-e84f-70fd-8352-32d43c1f5f1e","```csharp\nclass Box\n{\n    public int Value;\n}\n\nvar b1 = new Box { Value = 1 };\nvar b2 = b1;\nb2.Value = 99;\n\nConsole.WriteLine(b1.Value);\n```\nWhat does this print?",[205,206,207,208],{"key":175,"text":193},{"key":178,"text":195},{"key":181,"text":197},{"key":184,"text":209},"It doesn't compile","`Box` is a class (reference type). `var b2 = b1;` copies only the reference, so `b1` and `b2` both point to the same object on the heap. Changing `b2.Value` changes the same underlying object that `b1` refers to, so `b1.Value` is also `99`.",{"id":212,"topic":9,"difficulty":213,"body":214,"options":215,"correct_key":181,"explanation":224},"019f70e2-e851-7c03-b576-2bc92cf9a665",3,"```csharp\nint number = 42;\nobject boxed = number;\nint unboxed = (int)boxed;\n\nConsole.WriteLine(unboxed);\n```\nWhat does the line `object boxed = number;` do?",[216,218,220,222],{"key":175,"text":217},"It creates a reference to `number` directly, no copy is made",{"key":178,"text":219},"It fails to compile because `int` cannot be assigned to `object`",{"key":181,"text":221},"It allocates a new object on the heap and copies the value of `number` into it (boxing)",{"key":184,"text":223},"It converts `number` to a `string` representation","Assigning a value type to an `object` (or any interface it implements) triggers **boxing**: the CLR allocates a new object on the managed heap and copies the value type's data into it. The original `number` variable and the boxed copy are then independent — this is why boxing has a real allocation and copy cost.",{"id":226,"topic":9,"difficulty":189,"body":227,"options":228,"correct_key":184,"explanation":237},"019f70e2-e852-7bd6-aaf3-aeb357c1e9a9","What is **unboxing** in C#?",[229,231,233,235],{"key":175,"text":230},"Removing a variable from scope so the garbage collector can reclaim it",{"key":178,"text":232},"Converting a `class` instance into a `struct`",{"key":181,"text":234},"Declaring a variable without initializing it",{"key":184,"text":236},"Extracting the value type back out of a boxed `object` (e.g. casting `object` back to `int`)","Unboxing is the reverse of boxing: taking a reference stored as `object` (which holds a boxed value type) and casting it back to the original value type, e.g. `int i = (int)boxedObj;`. This copies the value out of the heap-allocated box into a value-type variable; an invalid cast throws `InvalidCastException`.",{"id":239,"topic":9,"difficulty":213,"body":240,"options":241,"correct_key":175,"explanation":250},"019f70e2-e853-7cc0-84f9-65656af26e84","A junior developer writes a loop that adds 100,000 `int` values to a non-generic `System.Collections.ArrayList`. A senior colleague says this will be much slower than using `List\u003Cint>`. Why?",[242,244,246,248],{"key":175,"text":243},"`ArrayList` stores `object` references, so each `int` is boxed on insertion",{"key":178,"text":245},"`ArrayList` has a fixed maximum capacity of 10,000 elements and will throw past that",{"key":181,"text":247},"`ArrayList` is thread-safe by default, and the resulting locking overhead slows every operation down",{"key":184,"text":249},"`ArrayList` sorts elements automatically on every `Add` call","`ArrayList` is untyped and stores everything as `object`. Adding an `int` boxes it (heap allocation + copy) on every `Add`, and reading it back unboxes it. `List\u003Cint>` is generic and stores the ints inline in a backing `int[]` array — no boxing at all. For 100,000 elements this difference in allocations and GC pressure is significant.",{"fields":252,"seniorities":421,"interview_shapes":422,"locales":427,"oauth":429,"question_count":432,"coach_enabled":433,"jd_match_enabled":433},[253,264,284,300,324,337,356,375,395,402,408,415],{"key":5,"name_tr":6,"name_en":6,"sort":171,"specializations":254},[255,258,259,260,261,262,263],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":5},"general","Genel",{"key":154,"name":155,"field":5},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":5},{"key":157,"name":158,"field":5},{"key":150,"name":151,"field":5},{"key":160,"name":161,"field":5},{"key":163,"name":164,"field":5},{"key":265,"name_tr":266,"name_en":266,"sort":189,"specializations":267},"frontend","Frontend",[268,269,272,275,278,281],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":265},{"key":270,"name":271,"field":265},"javascript","JavaScript",{"key":273,"name":274,"field":265},"typescript","TypeScript",{"key":276,"name":277,"field":265},"react","React",{"key":279,"name":280,"field":265},"vue","Vue",{"key":282,"name":283,"field":265},"angular","Angular",{"key":285,"name_tr":286,"name_en":286,"sort":213,"specializations":287},"fullstack","Fullstack",[288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":285},{"key":154,"name":155,"field":5},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":5},{"key":157,"name":158,"field":5},{"key":150,"name":151,"field":5},{"key":160,"name":161,"field":5},{"key":163,"name":164,"field":5},{"key":270,"name":271,"field":265},{"key":273,"name":274,"field":265},{"key":276,"name":277,"field":265},{"key":279,"name":280,"field":265},{"key":282,"name":283,"field":265},{"key":301,"name_tr":302,"name_en":302,"sort":303,"specializations":304},"devops-cloud","DevOps \u002F Cloud",4,[305,306,309,312,315,318,321],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":301},{"key":307,"name":308,"field":301},"aws","AWS",{"key":310,"name":311,"field":301},"gcp","GCP",{"key":313,"name":314,"field":301},"azure","Azure",{"key":316,"name":317,"field":301},"kubernetes","Kubernetes",{"key":319,"name":320,"field":301},"terraform","Terraform",{"key":322,"name":323,"field":301},"linux","Linux",{"key":325,"name_tr":326,"name_en":326,"sort":327,"specializations":328},"ai-engineer","AI Engineer",5,[329,330,331,334],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":325},{"key":166,"name":167,"field":325},{"key":332,"name":333,"field":325},"llm-rag","LLM\u002FRAG",{"key":335,"name":336,"field":325},"mlops","MLOps",{"key":338,"name_tr":339,"name_en":340,"sort":341,"specializations":342},"database","Veritabanı","Database",6,[343,344,347,350,353],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":338},{"key":345,"name":346,"field":338},"postgresql","PostgreSQL",{"key":348,"name":349,"field":338},"mysql","MySQL",{"key":351,"name":352,"field":338},"mongodb","MongoDB",{"key":354,"name":355,"field":338},"redis","Redis",{"key":357,"name_tr":358,"name_en":359,"sort":360,"specializations":361},"mobile","Mobil","Mobile",7,[362,363,366,369,372],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":357},{"key":364,"name":365,"field":357},"ios-swift","iOS (Swift)",{"key":367,"name":368,"field":357},"android-kotlin","Android (Kotlin)",{"key":370,"name":371,"field":357},"flutter","Flutter",{"key":373,"name":374,"field":357},"react-native","React Native",{"key":143,"name_tr":376,"name_en":144,"sort":377,"specializations":378},"Güvenlik",8,[379,380,383,386,389,392],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":143},{"key":381,"name":382,"field":143},"appsec","AppSec",{"key":384,"name":385,"field":143},"offensive-pentest","Offensive \u002F Pentest",{"key":387,"name":388,"field":143},"cloud-security","Cloud Security",{"key":390,"name":391,"field":143},"devsecops","DevSecOps",{"key":393,"name":394,"field":143},"blue-team-incident","Blue Team \u002F Incident",{"key":396,"name_tr":397,"name_en":398,"sort":399,"specializations":400},"qa-test-automation","QA \u002F Test Otomasyonu","QA \u002F Test Automation",9,[401],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":396},{"key":403,"name_tr":404,"name_en":404,"sort":405,"specializations":406},"data-engineer","Data Engineer",10,[407],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":403},{"key":409,"name_tr":410,"name_en":411,"sort":412,"specializations":413},"game-dev","Oyun Geliştirme","Game Development",11,[414],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":409},{"key":416,"name_tr":417,"name_en":417,"sort":418,"specializations":419},"ml-engineer","ML Engineer",12,[420],{"key":256,"name":257,"field":416},[14,15,16],{"junior":423,"mid":425,"senior":426},{"questions":424,"median_sec":3},20,{"questions":424,"median_sec":3},{"questions":424,"median_sec":3},[428,10],"tr",[430,431],"google","github",21750,true]